The Effects Of Pregnancy On Children s Development Of The...

Alli Gardner Mrs. Cook English IV 3/29/17 Teratogens Alarmingly, the number of women who make the dangerous decision to drink, smoke, or use drugs throughout their pregnancy is increasing daily. When an expecting mother uses a substance while pregnant, she poses a serious threat to both her health and her child’s. Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco each present specific health risks that run to the fetus and can affect the child in many different ways, which can all result in major complications throughout the child’s development and lifetime and can unfortunately, sometimes, lead to death. These substances are also known as teratogens, which are factors from the outside environment that can present health issues in the development of the†¦show more content†¦Children born to smoking mothers, are more likely to be born more susceptible to â€Å"asthma, colic, and childhood obesity and even have a higher risk of suffering from SIDS, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, a condition where the baby suddenly dies an d the cause is unknown† (Gunatilike). Each cigarette a mother smokes during her four terms, can negatively affect her child in many ways, and unfortunately, even lead to death. The development of the lungs and brain can be stunted if a mother uses a source of tobacco while pregnant, which also increases the risk of infection in the child’s future. One of the heartbreaking aspects to tobacco addiction is that while using this dangerous chemical, a using mother forgets or ignores that this could ruin her child’s life, or even end it. Even if a mother doesn’t use tobacco products herself, second hand smoke can transfer from the mother to the child which can lead to just as many negative effects as first hand smoke. The most common teratogen is alcohol and can lead to the serious defects solely because so many people in our country consume it so regularly due to its easy access. Many women believe small doses of alcohol in the beginning stages of their pregnan cy is acceptable, and sometimes even healthy for the development of their child. However, every mother andShow MoreRelatedPrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazardsRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreEssay about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1366 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking alcohol during pregnancy and the damaging effects it has on the fetus. When a woman who is pregnant drinks alcohol, the baby is also drinking alcohol. Furthermore, the amount of alcohol that is consumed by the mother is the same amount the baby receives through the mothers placenta. Many doctors advise that it is okay for the mother to have an occasional drink, however, some women cannot stop at one drink, and they continue to drink in excess throughout their pregnancy. Still, even moderateRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesembryo development or fetal development is known as Teratogens. Teratog ens can stop the pregnancy outright, or in cases of full term pregnancies, cause birth defects to the child. Some categories of teratogens are environmental and subjective teratogens. Environmental teratogens relate to environmental factors that cause birth defects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. SubstancesRead MoreA Brief Note On Drug Use On Infants1572 Words   |  7 Pagesdrugs -- legal or illegal -- during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus† (Gaither 1). In simpler terms, drug use not only affects their own lives but also affects the lives of their unborn children. For the sake of enjoyment or recklessness, a woman is willing to put her unborn child at risk of birth defects or even death. Illegal drugs are a common thing that most people use. Since all drugs, even over the counter medications, can leave a lasting effect on an unborn child, pregnant womenRead More The Effects of Drinking and Smoking While Pregnant Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Drinking and Smoking While Pregnant The most disgusting thing in this world in my opinion, is when a pregnant woman drinks or smokes. Women who drink during their pregnancy dont know that alcohol can fatally harm the unborn baby. Most of these women drink during their pregnancy with out any knowledge of the consequences. An estimated 40,000 babies are born each year in the United States with alcohol-related birth defects. The actual figures may be higherRead MoreThe Effects Of Birth Defects On The Development Of The Fetus899 Words   |  4 PagesPrenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth (Prenatal Development). Most cases of unhealthy development can be avoided, however there are some genetic and environmental factors that cannot. Some genetic factors that affect the development of the fetus are Phenylketonuria, Sickle-cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, and Down Syndrome (Feldman 402). Some environmental teratogens that affect the development of the fetus are diseaseRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreBenefits Of A Healthy Nutrition880 Words   |  4 Pagesplanning to start a family, and she comes to me for advice. They want to have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. My sister loves seafood, is a smoker, and drinks on occasion. She doesn’t quite know the importance of quitting these habits. Therefore, I am going to explain teratogens to her. She also needs to know the importance of a healthy nutrition. Teratogens are environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus (Rathus, 2015, p 45). This includes drugs, alcohol, and heavy metals, such as mercuryRead More Effects of Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Works Cited Missing Alcohol plays a major role in society today. It is constantly being in our minds through advertisements, whether its commercials or billboards, holidays, or even just at the popular social scene. Alcohol is consumed for many purposes, such as celebrations, to increase romance, out of boredom, or a way to relax. Alcohol is a drug that is depended upon by the majority of our society. Nonetheless, alcohol has very damaging effects

Personal Selling the Marketing Concept - 795 Words

Personal Selling The Marketing Concept Personal Selling - A Definition and a Philosophy Personal Selling is a process of developing relationships; discovering needs; matching the appropriate products with these needs; and communicating benefits through informing, reminding, or persuading. The development of a personal selling philosophy for the information age involves three prescriptions: 1) Adopt marketing concept. 2) Value personal selling. 3) Assume the role of a problem solver or partner in helping customers make buying decisions. Personal Selling as an Extension of the Marketing Concept When a business firm moves from a product orientation to consumer orientation, we say that it has adopted the marketing†¦show more content†¦Develop a presentation strategy The presentation strategy is a well-developed plan that includes; i) Preparing the sales presentation objectives ii) Preparing the sales presentation plan that meet these objectives iii) Renewing ones commitment to providing outstanding customer service. Interrelate the basic strategies The relationship, product, and customer strategies all influence development of the presentation strategy. For e.g., one relationship-building practice might be developed for use during the initial face-to-face meeting with the customer and another for possible use during the negotiation of buyer resistance.Another relationship-building method might be developed for use after the sale is closed. Evolution of Partnering Partnering is a strategically developed, long-term relationship that solves the customers problems. A successful long-term partnership is achieved when the salesperson is able to skillfully apply the four major strategies and thus add value in various ways. Successful sales professionals stay close to the customer and constantly search for new ways to add value. Many companies today are using some form of sales automation to enhance partnerships with customers. Sales automation is the term used to describe those technologies used to improve communications in a sales organization and to enhance customer responsiveness. Strategic Alliances - The HighestShow MoreRelatedB120 Tma041027 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction A few years ago I got involved in marketing an expensive brand of vacuum cleaners called Kirby. The product was well designed, of high quality and had many features that were lacking in other leading brands. The marketing strategy used were a combination of selling orientation and product orientation, where the business owners assumed that a sales force would be able to sell the product as long as the right approached was used. I was trained to effectively demonstrate the featuresRead MoreRon Calls : A New Buyer843 Words   |  4 Pageschallenge when trying to sell the new products. Being a new salesman, some customers may feel a need to question if they need the product. Customers may not be convinced there is a need for the product which Ron is selling. Ron’s customers may not be familiar with the product he is selling (Johnston Marshall, 2010). Ron’s customers may not feel the need for the product he was going to sell. Being a new seller, Ron must be convinced that his product is better than the competitors. The new customersRead MoreNike and the Concept of Integrated Marketing Communications894 Words   |  4 PagesNike and the Concept of IMC: The concept of Integrated Marketing Communications is an important factor whose essence is achievement of the need for a holistic approach in the implementation of the tools of marketing communication. The concept can be described as the coordination and integration of every marketing communication tool, source, function, and avenue within an organization into a flawless program that capitalizes the effect of customers and other users at minimal costs. The significanceRead MoreMarketing from the Inside Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesIntro Marketing takes place all around us, from the Levi’s jeans we wear on a casual Friday to the Sony screen advertising the latest Hungry Jacks’ combo meal you see while driving your German-made Mercedes down to work. According to Grà ¶nroos, he stated that marketing in short was, â€Å"Delivering superior value to customers is an ongoing concern of management in many business markets today, and the value concept is considered one of the most popular constructs among business managers and academia† (Grà ¶nroosRead MoreBenefits And Disadvantages Of Customer Relationship Management1262 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship Management (CRM) defines how organizations interact with their customers. CRM comprises of strategies and processes of acquiring and retaining selective customers in order to make superior return for the company (Formant, 2000). It integrates marketing, sales, customer service and the supply chain functions of the organization to offer high quality customer value According to Schmitt (2003), CRM is a complex process, which focuses on generating a two way relationship between the organization andRead MoreMarketing Concepts1469 Words   |  6 PagesLIST OF SIX MARKETING CONCEPTS Following are the six concepts of marketing †¢ Production concept †¢ Product concept †¢ Selling concept †¢ Marketing concept †¢ Societal marketing concept †¢ Holistic marketing concept THE PRODUCTION CONCEPT: DEFINITION BY KOTLER: â€Å"It is the idea that customers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that the organization should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency.† EXPLANATION: ThisRead MoreMarketing , Customer values and the Interrelationship Between them1456 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing plays a vital role in the failure or success of a business. 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Administrative Management – an approach that focuses on principles that can be used by managers to coordinate the internal activities of organizationsRead MoreMarketing1322 Words   |  6 Pages[MARKETING TODAY] January 24, 2011 True-False - Terminology/Concept 1. Marketing-related activities are limited to people called â€Å"marketers.† 2. The effective practice of marketing-related activities is limited to larger firms. 3. For virtually every good and service we purchase, the marketing process affects the assortment of models and styles offered in the marketplace. 4. The scope of marketing includes goods, services, organizations, people, places, and ideas. 5. A firm can anticipate demandRead MoreExamples Of Decisions ( Marketing Mix )870 Words   |  4 PagesExamples of Decisions (Marketing Mix) The main component of the marketing mix is the product. It consists of the services, along with the physical product itself. The company imaging, packaging, and the brand name are all included in this concept. An example of product decision in this particular case study is the variety of cookies that are provided: The Girl Scouts will also be asking certain troops to reduce their cookie lineups to six varieties. The top six selling cookies--Thin Mints, Do-si-dos

Euthanasia Suffering and Powerful Pain Relief Free Essays

One of the reasons that some people believe that euthanasia is morally okay is that if people with a terminal illness want to die, you should let them. Others will argue that life is a gift from God and that another human shouldn’t interfere with God’s will even if they are begged to help. An example of this is in the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia: Suffering and Powerful Pain Relief or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thou shalt not kill is one of the Ten Commandments so it is therefore a fundamental tenet of the Christian and Jewish religions, but is it really murder? Euthanasia can help family members, relatives and carers to end the dreadful pain and suffering that their loved ones have to endure. It sometimes seems the kindest thing to do. However one could argue that with more powerful pain relief and dedicated hospices, pain should be controlled. Another reason against euthanasia is that in hospitals it could destroy the relationship and trust between the patient and the doctor. Also is it really fair to put the Doctor in the position of having to make such a key decision? Surely if God gave life then only he can decide when to take it back. The major argument against euthanasia in my opinion is that if it is legal it could be subject to a great deal of abuse, such as relatives not wanting to bother anymore or getting their hands on someone’s will. Even Doctors could be tempted to hurry along a patient’s death in order to harvest their organs for a younger patient. It is a bit like the argument for Capital punishment, what if you hang the wrong man, similarly what if the man who has been in a coma for years suddenly awakes? Life is precious and it should not be devalued and if taken to it’s extreme in the hands of a person such as Hitler, euthanasia could stop being a choice but something that is enforced. In conclusion I think euthanasia should be allowed as if people want to die and they cannot do it for themselves they should be given help to die with dignity, surrounded by their loved ones, in their own home, not in some impersonal clinic in Switzerland. At the end of the day I believe in freedom of choice. How to cite Euthanasia: Suffering and Powerful Pain Relief, Papers

Byzantium Civilization Essay Research Paper The Byzantium free essay sample

Byzantium Civilization Essay, Research Paper The Byzantium Civilization started cause of overcrowding in the eight century B.C. that led Grecian city states to direct out settlements throughout the Mediterranean basin. In the twelvemonth of 667 B.C. ; Byzas, from the Greek metropolis of Megra, founded Byzantium Civilization at the oral cavity of the Black Sea. Alexander the Great dominated Byzantium as he built an imperium around it stretching from Greece to India. Byzantium was the Christianized eastern portion of the Roman Empire. Constantine the Great was a critical figure in the early phases of this civilisation. He established acceptance for Christianity throughout the Roman Empire and lawfully transferred his capital from Rome to Constantinople, which is the site of the Greek City of Byzantium. Roman jurisprudence and political establishments ruled the people at that place and they spoke Latin and Greek linguistic communications. Merchants at this metropolis were able to turn rich cause of its strategic location between t he Mediterranean and Black Seas. We will write a custom essay sample on Byzantium Civilization Essay Research Paper The Byzantium or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Constantine liked to import Greek-Roman art from throughout the imperium. Byzantium art focused on human figures. The most outstanding figures that were created were Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints, and the apostles. The emperor was believed to be divinely sanctioned by God. Human figures were portrayed in sculptures in two different manners. One manner expressed power, authorization, and magnificence. The other manner expresses worship, understanding, supplication, and hurt. The Attarouthi Treasures consist of 15 objects: 10 goblets, three thuribles, a vino strainer, and a dove. The artefacts were found buried in the locality of the ancie nt town Attarouthi. This town was a stopping point on the trade paths. The goblets were used to keep vino during the Liturgy. Upright frontal figures decorated most of the goblets with Christ looking as a beardless immature adult male. The dove represents the Holy Christ that descended over Christ when Saint John baptized him. Crosses and bust-length figures of Christ decorate the thuribles. The emperor Maurice Tiberius had a medallion that when set together with 12s gold coins and three other medallions that were indistinguishable formed a griddle. Griddles of this type were worn as belts or cuts and sometimes even necklaces. Traditionally the Roman emperor would give medallions and coins as gifts to high-level functionaries or Lords. The Processional Cross is decorated on both sides with silver-gilt medallions. On the forepart of the cross, Christ has his right manus raised in approval and is flanked by Mary on the left side with John the Baptist on the right. The clergy in imperial ceremonials, military runs, and liturgical emanations carried these crosses. They were besides given to the church as gifts for mending and remittal of wickednesss. The beginning of these crosses is unknown. The enkolpion is a devotional pendent or medallion that was meant to be worn around the cervix. On one side of the pendent bears a image of Christ and other the other side is the Virgin. Christ holds a book in his left manus and raises his right in blessing. The lettering, on the Christ side reads, Jesus Christ King of Glory. The virgin, on the other side of the medallion, extends her weaponries in supplication and the lettering reads, Mother of God.

Caskets Of Fortune Essays - Orientalism, The Merchant Of Venice

Caskets Of Fortune Caskets of Fortune Word is spread, a fair maiden awaits suiters to challenge the puzzle to win her hand and marriage, and in wealth. Her father has passed away, leaving her with only a memory of him, and more dumbfounded suiters come and challenge to see if they really are the one to inherit the fortune. There are three caskets, ?First of gold, who this inscription bears: ?Who Chooseth me shall gain what many men desire,? The second silver, which this promise carries: ?Who Chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.? This third dull lead, with warning all as blunt: ?Who Chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.? The suiters are The Prince of Morocco, a self absorbed sponge, The Prince of Arrogon, an arrogant and he doesn't show his true face, and finally Bassanio, a kind individual who is in debt to his friend. First we start with the Prince of Morocco, some say his name fits well with moron. He did chose the right casket for him, but he didn't chose the one that held the fair counterfeit of lady Portia. This man chose the golden casket because it is gaudy, and shows wealth in its appearance. The reason for this is because he was raised with wealth always around him, he is royalty, so everything was always given to him, and he never did anything wrong because his royalty had always covered up for it. He read the inscription on the golden casket which inscribes ?Who Chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.? Of course his mind is set when he sees the others because he makes them look less than what they are, and gold is always higher in value, he even says ? A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross. (Saying his mind will never stoop lower than gold). I'll then or give nor hazard aught for lead ( He will never chose something with such low wealth as lead ). What says the silver with her virgin hue? ?Who Chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves? : Pause there Morocco, and weigh thy value with an even hand ( so he looks at silver and gold and chooses gold because it has a rich outlook). Sadly enough Morocco chose wrong, but Portia was much pleased to see him go. I believe Morocco was right, because he talks about his ?golden mind? and that is what he is use to always seeing the rich because he hasn't seen the hazard that life gives because riches have been able to let him avoid some of them not being in the real world and striving to get money and a decent home. Now we have the prince of Aragon claimed to have ?Arrogant? rhyme with his name. He sees himself as a different person, he says ?I will not jump with common spirits? ( in reality he was like the other suiter Morocco ( raised rich, and in royalty). But he is different in one way, he isn't attracted to what the gold casket inscribes because he doesn't want to be a common person and chose gold because of its appearances. So he chose right in choosing silver. But he didn't choose the casket that had Portia's picture in it. This is his decision as follows, ? I will not choose what many men desire, because I will not jump with common spirits and rank me with the barbarous multitudes. Why then, to the, thou silver treasure house.? So he ignored the base lead casket because it was mere lead, it has no value, and he ignored the gold because that's what a common man would chose. So by knocking both of those out of the competition he chose the silver, because he thinks he deserves more, and he doesn't desire like a regular man, and he will not have hazard because he is a King. This man chose right to, because just as Morocco he was raised in riches, but what Morocco didn't have that Aragon did have was a different teaching in life, telling him he isn't like a normal man, he rises above all of them

The current essay will address the changes in the international system and focus on four main historical The WritePass Journal

The current essay will address the changes in the international system and focus on four main historical Introduction The current essay will address the changes in the international system and focus on four main historical Introduction The current essay will address the changes in the international system and focus on four main historical issues such as: the very inception of IR Treaty of Westphalia, Congress of Vienna, the summit which gave the shift to collective security and cooperation between the European powers, Treaty of Versailles, provoking World War 2 and how the mankind created international organizations, such as the United Nations. The paper analyses the changing patterns of competition and cooperation in the International Relations. Evolution is an integral part of life and everyday existence, it shapes the world, inception, and thought touches every realm of life. One of the most challenging problems of today is the formation of a new system of international relations after the collapse of the bipolar model of the world. Most experts agree that at this moment there is no point to talk about a concrete structure, which fully replaces the format of international interactions, prevailed for nearly half a century ago. The new system is being developed and obviously some elements of the old scheme will be less or more likely borrowed to the emerging structure. In this context, it is extremely important to understand how the previous model of international life has evolved, arose and what stages has passed. The international system existing today is regarded as subsystem of the Westphalian regime, established in the1648 by the Westphalian Treaty. â€Å"The Peace of Westphalia, ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, is taken to mark the beginning of the modern international system as a universe composed of sovereign states, each with exclusive authority within its own geographic boundaries. The Westphalian model, based on the principles of autonomy and territory, offers a simple, arresting, and hat sovereignty is now being altered because the principles of Westphalia are being transgresses satellites during the Cold War â€Å"(Krasner, pp. 115-151). The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation became a conglomeration of independent states (about 300). Peace of Westphalia recognized the religious rights and freedoms for the Lutherans and Calvinists. Exactly then were laid the main principles of forming a new political organization of the world, which then were spread across the planet and existed until today. It was the first time, in the frames of the Westphalian system, that sovereignty became an attribute of the state, not a monarch, therefore recognition of the independence of the German princip alities deprived Germany of its former dominance in foreign policy, France and Sweden became new world leaders and thereby were laid first foundations of balance of power in the world politics of that time. The Treaty of Westphalia has originated the formation of a new system of international relations, so-called later the â€Å"state-centric† model of the world. This became possible through the recognition of the principle of national sovereignty, as one of the main means of international communication. The second significant event for international relations and political realm was the Congress of Vienna, when â€Å" Successes of one group of countries turned into the failures of others, however the peace was accepted by the actors rather than imposed â€Å"(Kissinger 1956 264).   The successful diplomacy is the political art of the synthesis of power and justice and the bias to any single of them could cause the catastrophe (Morgenthau 1946 1080).   It was a structure of international relations in Europe, established after the wars of Napoleon I (1799-1814; 1815) and lasted until the dramatic changes of the First World War. The play started back in 1789, when the French Revolution offered new challenges to the European balance of power (Metternich quoted in Kissinger 1999 41).   When the Napoleonic wars, ended in defeat for France in Moscow (1812) and Waterloo (1815), the Congress of Vienna summarized these battles, and affirmed once again the importance of, disturbed in t heir course of actions, the principle of national sovereignty. The result of Napoleon’s campaign involving almost whole Europe and Russia was the Russian Tsar Alexander’s march to Paris accompanied by his regiments in 1814 (Chapman 1998 18). The alliance included four great powers of that time: Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The main aim of the meeting was, to remake the map, which was completely remodeled by Napoleon. So, in Europe a new order of relations between states begun to line up, known as the Vienna system of international relations (concert of Europe). The leading countries of the continent have tried to find grounds for cooperation, preventing thereby possible feeble efforts of resolving interstate conflicts by military means. The settlement secured the equilibrium where hegemony was impossible and balance of forces implied prevention of the aggression of an either of an actor (Kissinger 1956 266).   Solutions of the Congress of Vienna lasted until 1914, but after First World War, world should have faced a new system of relations in Europe. By the beginning of the XX century configuration of the leading powers on the world stage have changed again. The U.S. has achieved economic dominance, as well as Japan, Germany and Italy. Since that time, Europe has ceased to be the only continent with generated country-leaders.   German did not initiate the WW1 and was not an arrogant aggressor. Many countries wanted to solve their problems, accumulating military sources, but nobody wanted to look like an aggressor. Everyone was waiting for a justifiable reason for the war to start and soon enough it has turned up.   Everything started in summer 1914 in Sarajevo when the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated. Shortly, Austria had declared the War against Serbia, gradually involving all other countries in the crisis, which lasted for 4 years and cost Europe 10 million lives, economic devastation and destruction. There was nothing left of prosperous pre-war Germany since 1918. Chaos and ruins were eve rywhere and after the November Revolution of 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm fled the country, the monarchy was overthrown. The second Reich ceased to exist. That summer held a momentous event in the history, that generations of Germans will be consider as betrayal and curse those, who on 28 of June 1919 signed the Treaty of Versailles. The terms of this agreement struck German delegation, as they didn’t anticipate that conditions will be so severe and harsh. Under this agreement, Germany had no right to have a fleet (like surface with exception of some older battleships and submarines), aviation, armor, artillery, troops and ground forces must be reduced to 100 000 soldiers and officers and 15 000 sailors, the rest 5 million soldiers must be demobilized.   Production of small arms and everything related to military activities, should have been discontinued too. Additionally, they lost 13.5 per cent of territory including Alsace-Lorraine (returned to France), almost 7 million people and all overseas possessions (firstworldwar.com). Country-winners, obliged Germany to pay off reparation of approximately 130 billion Deutsch Mark, to each country affected by the actions of German troops. June 28, 1919, can be considered the date when the count-down of inevitable outbreak of the Second World War started. On tha t date, the war-revenge was inescapable.   As Catherine Lu notes it was an â€Å"apparent failure† and a morally defective reaction to the war.   The primary telos – goal of the Allies was to bring enduring peace, however there were two pillars of approach.   The US delegation headed by President Wilson had more idealistic proposal about peaceful settlement, on the other hand French prime-minister Georges Clemenceau expressed more hardliner position.   He opened the conference on May 7, 1919 saying: â€Å"it is neither time nor place for superfluous words†¦we must settle our account† (Lu 2002 7).   The Treaty of Versailles (and other similar acts) included statute of the League of Nations an international intergovernmental organization with the main objectives of development and cooperation among nations, guarantying peace and security. Initially, was signed by the 44 States. (United States didn’t ratified the treaty, consequently not join ing the League.) League did not become a worldwide organization, because not all of the great powers became its member (such as Germany and Japan vacated from its membership in 1934), so it wasn’t able to stop numerous aggressions in the prewar period (due to inability to organize collective action) and prevent the WW2. It virtually ceased to exist since 1939 (formally disbanded in 1946), but many elements of its structure, procedures and objectives were, later, perceived by the UN. The formation of a system of International Relations after the First World War ended up at the Washington conference of 1921-1922 convened at the initiative of USA and designed to consolidate the new alignment of forces in the Pacific region. This very world order between the two world wars was named as Versailles-Washington system of international relations. U.S. refusal to participate in the functioning of the Versailles system, the isolation of Russia and the anti-German direction had made it unbalanced and non- generic, which increased the potential for future world conflict. International relations after World War II were complex and contradictory. Creation of the United Nations (1945), the development of its principles (including multilateral diplomacy) laid the fundamentals of the modern international law and the development of the mechanism of its action. UN for more than half a century effectively contributes to international peace and security with the help of special methods of resolving conflicts of interests on the world arena. This supports to the conclusion of multilateral and bilateral international agreements on cooperation. One of the important events was the signing (in 1975 at the Helsinki) of a Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, containing the standings on enhanced interactions of the participating countries in economy, science and technology, ecology, culture, education, human rights, freedom of information and contacts between people (the so-called third basket). So was formed the CSCE (later OSCE). However, there was a new type of confrontation, emerged in the post-war period – The Cold War, when world became split into two blocks, the rivalry of which often lead to a situation, on the edge, of the global conflict. One of the most dangerous was The Cuban Missile Crisis(1962), when the United states and Soviet Union seriously considered the possibility of a nuclear exchange what lead us to the point, when opposing superpowers resolved their conflicts and created military alliances – NATO and Warsaw Pact. Those where general stages of evolution of the Westphalian model of the world, which existed in various versions, over 350 years. Many of politicians and scholars of the XX century are predicting the collapse of this system of world order. Today international governmental and private actors have implications on the evolution of the international system, thus it is impossible to make unilateral decisions. The future is no way going to be easier than the past (Kennan 1984 73). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Compromising Westphalia Stephen D. Krasner International Security, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Winter, 1995-1996), pp.115-151 The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948 Leo Gross The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1948), pp. 20-41 Power Transitions and Great Power War from Westphalia to Waterloo Woosang Kim World Politics, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Oct., 1992), pp. 153-172 Chapman T. 1998. The Congress of Vienna. London and New York: Routledge Kissinger H. 1999. A World Restored. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson Ltd. The Congress of Vienna: A Reappraisal Henry A. Kissinger World Politics, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jan., 1956), pp. 264-280 Europes borders after 1919 and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. SPIEGEL Obama Is Like a Chess Player. 2009. Der Spiegel; spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,grossbild-1578550-634400,00.html Lu C. 2002. Justice and Moral Regeneration: Lessons from the Treaty of Versailles. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The International Studies Association jstor.org/stable/3186461 Tranchtenberg M. 1982. Versailles after Sixty Years. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 17, No 3. Sage Publication Ltd jstor.org/stable/260557 Treaty of Versailles. 1919.   firstworldwar.com/source/versailles.htm Kennan G. 1984. American Diplomacy.   3rd ed. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.

Using attachment theory in assisting parents and infants engaged in Term Paper

Using attachment theory in assisting parents and infants engaged in stressful interactions - Term Paper Example Tony is a healthy nine-month-old male child, the product of an uneventful pregnancy followed by an uncomplicated full-term vaginal delivery. Ellen and Roger, Tony's parents, are both overweight, but have otherwise no significant health issues.They are in their early thirties, and have been involved in a relationship continuously for the past sixteen years. Tony was actively planned and eagerly welcomed by Ellen and Roger, as well as extended family. (*Names have been changed for privacy.) When Tony was six months old, Ellen and Roger decided to train Tony to sleep through the night independently according to the method outlined by Ferber in â€Å"Solve Your Child's Sleep Problems† (Ferber, 2006).This method involves allowing the child to cry himself to sleep; As such, it is frequently referred to colloquially as the â€Å"cry-it-out method† or â€Å"CIO.† In literature, it is called â€Å"graduated extinction† (Dewar, 2008).Ellen and Roger agreed that this was the most appropriate decision for their family based primarily on their desire to ensure both their own sleep and private time to engage in leisure activities, jointly and separately. Both committed to complete the first three weeks of sleep training, and to re-evaluate the program if it was not having the desired effect on Tony. The Ferber Method has received a great deal of criticism from parents and scholars, and while it is one of the best known sleep training regimens it is also one of the most controversial for several reasons (Dewar, 2008). Ferber acknowledges in his book that this process does not teach children how to sleep independently, it merely deprives them of access to their parents as sources of comfort (Ferber, 2006). Ellen and Roger successfully employed Ferber's techniques over a two week period, during which Tony would initially cry himself to sleep. When he awoke during the night a parent would stand near the door of Tony's bedroom, outside of his visual ra nge, and attempt to ascertain his physical state of being. In the event of specific concerns relevant to physical health or comfort, those concerns were addressed quickly by the attendant parent, and without fanfare. There was minimal parent-infant interaction during these addresses. Diaper changes accounted for the overwhelming majority of these concerns. If there was no specific physical concern to address, Tony was allowed to continue crying in his crib. Though Tony's cries were extremely distressing for both Ellen and Roger to endure, the two of them persisted in their efforts to teach Tony to sleep on his own. Over the first two week period of sleep training, Tony began crying less, fell asleep more quickly, and stayed asleep for longer periods of time. By the end of the first two weeks Tony was sleeping from 19:00 local time through 0:800. Caregivers who sleep train their children believe that they are teaching the children to self-soothe and encouraging independent behavior. In reality, infants who are left to cry alone are at high risk for developing ambivalent relationships with their caregivers. Tony internalized the lesson that after the lights have been turned off, his needs will not be met, and as a result his behavior, particularly in the evenings as bedtime approaches, Tony's behavior is that of a child who is ambivalently attached to his primary caregivers. Tony's behavior has become more subdued in general; He spends less time in both active alert and crying phases. Tony hardly seems to notice when he is separated from his parents, but he does actively prefer them to strangers. Ellen, Tony's mother, truly believes that sleep training was an appropriate choice, and defends her decision vociferously. She points to the ease with which Tony sleeps and his cooperation in the evenings as proof that she and her husband made the correct decision. Ellen feels that this process has been beneficial not only to Tony but to her, and that while it was

An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends Essay

An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends - Essay Example The essay "An Twentieth Century Overview of Fashions Transient Trends" talks about trends in fashion in the 20th century. Basically until the turn of the century, there was a definite preference for plumpness of women in Western civilization. You can see it in the art, where you're pretty hard-pressed to find an image of a thin woman," says Laura Fraser. (42) That began to change between 1900 and 1920, "when it was possible for the first time for people†¦to have enough to eat that the status symbol flipped. Once seen as a sign of health and prosperity to be fat - now there was an elitism to being thin. According to Alexis Gregory (38-49), in the early 1900’s women’s dress was sturdy, heavy, and rigid, a reflection of the Edwardian period of dress, and the silhouette was that of an hour glass, now that being plump was unfashionable. Female bodies were stuffed into a miniscule waist, and then padded in other areas such as the bosom and buttocks. The effect was that o f a waspish figure. This hourglass shape became more of an "S" curve when longer lined "health" corsets became fashionable. They supported the spine and abdomen, but it made the fashionable woman look as if she was always leaning forward. As always, historical upheaval creates change in all sectors of society, including fashion. World War I being an important event in the â€Å"teens,† fashion suddenly became much more practical to accommodate other needs. The Great War (1914 to 1918) changed people's lives in many ways. Men went to war and women were left at home to do the jobs formerly performed by men. Women's shoes and clothing needed to be more practical so they could move freely and perform job duties. Women's clothing imitated a man's clothing as they were taking on a more masculine role. (Barker, 133) Events like the women's suffrage movement caused fashion to take on a new dimension. The corseted waist abandoned, the hobble skirt that imitated "harem" skirts of the Middle East became fashionable. Paul Poiret, a popular designer of the time, is credited with this fashion movement leaning toward Eastern influence. However, taking very tiny steps also became immensely popular, presumably to exaggerate the fact that a woman's stride is shorter than a man's. Some skirts were so narrow that it was nearly impossible to move. For concern over splitting the skirt, women sometimes wore a length of cord to keep their legs from moving too much. After the War in 1918 the Suffragettes won the right to vote in the United Kingdom, and the same happened in America in 1920. Fashion continued to be more casual throughout the 1920's. After the war, the values of the older generation that had created the war were questioned and discredited. The culture became enamored with youth, American culture in particular. Fashion looked toward the younger crowd for inspiration. The "College Man" and "The Flapper" were the new icons of fashion, young and strong and smart. What was the effect on women They began dieting to achieve the teenage shape of a young girl-flatter, thinner, and with long waistlines to hide adult curves. Brasseries were created to flatten breasts with the appearance of immaturity. "In the 1920s, stylish women put their breasts under cover, with constricting devices like the one from the Boyish Form Brassiere Company of New York, guaranteed to 'give you that boy-like flat appearance.'" (Henig, 1) How did the Great Depression affect women's fashion The fashionable dress of the day reflects a determination to grow up, to do penance for

Miumiu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Miumiu - Essay Example The portfolio of products of this brand includes Apparel, Jewellery, Accessories including eyewear, Bags and shoes though the main focus is on apparel. The collections portray the strong and autonomous identity it has created for itself (Jackson and Shaw, 2006, p.69). The brand aims at evoking a lavish sense of intimacy and liberty with an attention to intricacies and superior quality. The brand targets those women who would explore and experiment with their choices in fashion. Thus liberty, freedom and autonomy are the key words that drive their business. Miu Miu had the opening fashion show in Paris in 2006. In 2011, it also started retailing its products online. The concept in which the Miu Miu boutiques were designed had a liberty aspect to it in the most dramatic way possible and a combination of archetypal material and futuristic facets were incorporated in the style to highlight the unfailing courage of the modern opulence and sensuality in the style of Miu Miu (Tungate, 2012, p.192). The flagship store was also shifted to a building of historic relevance in Milan, in order to incorporate this taste and the fashion shows were conducted in Paris rather than Milan which the brand believed went better with the image of the brand. The uniqueness was maintained also by eliminating men from their target of customers. In its efforts to promote the brand in times of recession, the brand launched â€Å"The Women’s Tales† a project in which five prestigious women film directors were asked to shoot silent films which would have a focus on the Miu Miu line of clothing and accessories and the first four were screened at the Venice International Film Festival. The fifth one is on the making. The theme around which the brand revolves is ultra modernity, style and luxury (Liu, 2010, p.47). The products are designed by the specialists after thoughtful observation of the recent developments around the world, the changing society and shifting cultures. Thus t he brand has moved out of the limitations of the showrooms and boutiques in order to interact with the rest of the world full of diversity. All these have led the family business to a becoming a successful fashion brand operating in more than 70 nations. History of the parent company: the Prada Group The Brand Prada came into existence in 1913, when Mario Prada set up a store selling luxury items including bags and jewellery in Milan. The goods were handmade and exclusively designed with materials of first class quality. Immediately the brand became a status symbol for the aristocratic population of Europe. In 1919, the brand started supplying merchandise to the Italian Royal Family (Prada, 2012, p.5). In 1977, the granddaughter of the originator, Miuccia Prada, restructured the brand with Patrizio Bertelli, a Tuscan businessman, and sustained the business in a new way. Over the years, opened stores in various other places and met success. The brand still targeted the elite of the s ociety and produced apparel, shoes and other accessories. The brand Miu Miu was the brainchild of Miuccia Prada who started this new brand as a form of diversification strategy targeting the ultramodern women. Employee Creativity and Innovation in MIU MIU The distinctive feature of Miu Miu comes from the typical process of management

Developing Inclusive Education Systems

Developing Inclusive Education Systems What does inclusion mean? Early childhood inclusion makes up values, policies and practices that support the rights of infant and young children and their family no matter their ability. They will take part in a variety of activities and context as full members of families, the community, and the society. (AEC/NAEYC, 2009). This is when students that have special needs are included in normal education. Inclusion is more than a placement in regular classes in school. It is being a part in life and participating using your abilities in day to day activities as a member of the residential district. It is being a part of everyone else and being received and embraced as someone who belongs. It can be a church, school, playground, workplace, and in recreation. (INC., 1995-2009). The three key factors you should look at are access which is providing a big variety of learning opportunities such as activities, settings, and environments which defines high-quality early childhood inclusion. Th e second is participation which is children that need extra individualization accommodations and supports to participate in play and learning activities with adults and their peers. The third is Supports which is a base of systems-level supports must be in place to stand the efforts of people and organizations providing inclusive services to kids and families. (Carolina, 2010). The benefits of inclusive education are they build individual strengths and gifts and they have high but appropriate expectations for each child. They act along the childs individual goals while they take part in the liveliness of the classroom with children their own age. The parents are involved in the childs education and in their activities at school. The school nurtures a culture of respect and belonging. The inclusive education provides them an opportunity to learn about and accept an individual difference, this will diminish the impact of the child being bullied and harassed. They learn to develop frie ndships with a big variety of children, and each child has their own individual needs and abilities. It has a positive influence on both the school and community and they learn to appreciate diversity and inclusion on a bigger level. (BC, 2012-2017). There are more benefits for students with disabilities such as the form friendships, increase their social and behavior skills, Role models for their academics, they increase achievement on their IEP goals, and bigger opportunities for interactions with other children. The benefits of children that dont have a disability is making a meaningful relationship, they have more of an appreciation and they accept children with differences, they have an increased understanding and acceptance of diversity, and they respect all people. http://www.uvm.edu/ There is no research that will show any negative effects from the inclusion that is done right to the support and services for the children to participate and achieve IEP goals. (INC., 1995-2009). The resources that instructors can utilize to see about higher-quality preschool inclusion is https://www2.ed.gov/, Early Learning Inclusion, the policy of Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Programs and is jointly released by the Department of Education and Health and human Resource. It was released on September 14. 2015 it says that all young kids that have disabilities need access to include high-quality early childhood programs where they offer individualized and appropriate support in satisfying high expectations of the child. The policy statement sets high expectations for high-quality inclusion in the early childhood programs. It shows the legal and research for inclusion, shows the challenges to accept the inclusive practices, it recommends state and local p rograms and providers for inclusive learning opportunities for children, Free resources for state and local programs, and providers and families that have developed to support children with disabilities in the high-quality education programs. Another resource is http://www.nectac.org/ It tells you what to look for in a high-quality education., http://npdci.fpg.unc.edu/ Practices of high-quality inclusion that promote access, Participation, and support. References AEC/NAEYC. (2009). A joint position statement of the DEC? NAEYC. Early Childhood Inclusion, 1-16. BC, I. (2012-2017). Benefits of Inclusive Education. Imclusion BC, 1. Carolina, T. u. (2010). Quality Indicators of Inclusive Early Childhood Programs/ Practices. Chapel hill: NECTAC. INC., K. t. (1995-2009). What is Inclusion. What is Inclusion, 1.

The Urban Legend of Bloody Mary Essay -- Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Bloody Mary Version 3 The story of Bloody Mary is told in different versions all around the world has been included in nine different movies (three in the past two years) (The Internet Movie Database). This particular version of the popular urban legend of Bloody Mary originates locally from North Potomac, Maryland. The storyteller is a female 19-year-old Caucasian sophomore student, currently studying psychology at the University. The story was collected in the spring on the University campus. After dinner, in a one-on-one environment, she began the story of an urban legend from her childhood. I remember this from back in second grade. It scared me so much. It was Friday the 13th. Back in elementary school, we always lined up in classes on the blacktop before school. This morning, a classmate told me about a girl that had been buried alive on Friday the 13th because her stepmother hated her and wanted her dead. Then she told me, as if it was completely true, that if I went home that night and turned around three times in front of the mirror while chanting, ‘Bloody Mary,’ her ghost would appear in it and if I looked into her eyes I would turn to stone. [Me:] Do you remember who told you this story or where the story happened? [Storyteller:] I don’t really remember. I do remember that when I went home that night, I made my mom cover my mirror with a towel before I agreed to go to bed. [Me:] So you never actually tested it out? [Storyteller:] No way. The tale of Bloody Mary seems to be a popular urban legend, according to researched sources, and its variations can be categorized into two groups: a set of simple instructions and those that tell the actual legend of the ghost. Most of the variatio... ...rite of passage to adulthood by overcoming their fears and anxieties. For those too young and immature to attempt this â€Å"dangerous† ritual, such as the storyteller at the age when she was told the urban legend, this urban legend serves as a point in their maturity when their desire to overcome their fears actually overcomes their fears. This urban legend serves as an important marker in the phase of adolescent life and their process towards maturity. Works Cited "Bloody Mary." No date. Urban Legends & Superstitions. 8 Apr. 2006 http://urbanlegendsonline.com/mirrors/bloodymary.html. IMDb Search. 2006. The Internet Movie Database. 9 Apr. 2006 http://www.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=bloody+mary. Mikkelson, Barbara and David. "Bloody Mary." Urban Legends Reference Pages. 27 Oct. 2005. Snopes.com. 8 Apr. 2006 http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/bloodymary.asp. The Urban Legend of Bloody Mary Essay -- Urban Legends Ghost Stories Bloody Mary Version 3 The story of Bloody Mary is told in different versions all around the world has been included in nine different movies (three in the past two years) (The Internet Movie Database). This particular version of the popular urban legend of Bloody Mary originates locally from North Potomac, Maryland. The storyteller is a female 19-year-old Caucasian sophomore student, currently studying psychology at the University. The story was collected in the spring on the University campus. After dinner, in a one-on-one environment, she began the story of an urban legend from her childhood. I remember this from back in second grade. It scared me so much. It was Friday the 13th. Back in elementary school, we always lined up in classes on the blacktop before school. This morning, a classmate told me about a girl that had been buried alive on Friday the 13th because her stepmother hated her and wanted her dead. Then she told me, as if it was completely true, that if I went home that night and turned around three times in front of the mirror while chanting, ‘Bloody Mary,’ her ghost would appear in it and if I looked into her eyes I would turn to stone. [Me:] Do you remember who told you this story or where the story happened? [Storyteller:] I don’t really remember. I do remember that when I went home that night, I made my mom cover my mirror with a towel before I agreed to go to bed. [Me:] So you never actually tested it out? [Storyteller:] No way. The tale of Bloody Mary seems to be a popular urban legend, according to researched sources, and its variations can be categorized into two groups: a set of simple instructions and those that tell the actual legend of the ghost. Most of the variatio... ...rite of passage to adulthood by overcoming their fears and anxieties. For those too young and immature to attempt this â€Å"dangerous† ritual, such as the storyteller at the age when she was told the urban legend, this urban legend serves as a point in their maturity when their desire to overcome their fears actually overcomes their fears. This urban legend serves as an important marker in the phase of adolescent life and their process towards maturity. Works Cited "Bloody Mary." No date. Urban Legends & Superstitions. 8 Apr. 2006 http://urbanlegendsonline.com/mirrors/bloodymary.html. IMDb Search. 2006. The Internet Movie Database. 9 Apr. 2006 http://www.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=bloody+mary. Mikkelson, Barbara and David. "Bloody Mary." Urban Legends Reference Pages. 27 Oct. 2005. Snopes.com. 8 Apr. 2006 http://www.snopes.com/horrors/ghosts/bloodymary.asp.

Pfizer-Pharmacia Merger

Problem statement: Pfizer, Inc. announced the acquisition of the company Pharmacia, Corp. In the months leading up to the merging of the two companies, there were issues with the employees of Pharmacia. The announcement of 2. 5 billion in cost savings as a result of the merging of the two companies, had staff worried because it would be in form of labor costs, which would potentially cause disclosure of local operations. Staff was concerned about their financial futures, loosing their income would not just affect their personal lives, and families but the community in general.A â€Å"trickle down effect†, would effect businesses that provide products, and services to the consumers, as well as the tax bases of local communities (Stamper, 2). The issue of having to potentially seek a financial bailout, and also possible bankruptcy of the city if Pfizer were to close down the operations of Pharmacia was a larger issue as well. The core mission of typical pharmaceutical company is drug discovery, clinical development, manufacturing, and sales and marketing. Before the merging of the company, the core mission of the company was met.Now the issue is, due to the merging of the companies, there was a loss of discovery, clinical development, and sales marketing. Why did the problems occur? The problem of staff being worried about their financial future, and the future of the company mainly aroused because of the 2. 5 billion dollar in total cost savings that would be implemented as a result of merging the two companies. Emotions were a major concept that was overtaking the staff at Pharmacia, everyone was in a certain state of readiness at times, due to the uncertainty of jobs, and the uneasiness with staff members caused mainly from the distributed memo.Misunderstanding of the memo, giving the impression that Pfizier was going to pull out of downtown Kalamazoo, was a â€Å"misunderstanding†. This caused uncertainty avoidance within the company, people fel t threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty. It also caused stress; the well being of staff members was at stake. The problem of staff being overwhelmed by the memo was due to the fact that Pfizer did not take the time to properly explain the meaning of the cost savings, from the very beginning.Loosing core essential missions for the company due to the merger occurred because the team at Kalamazoo was extremely effective; the decline of efficiency within the newly merged company could have been caused by the new collectivism of the company. With the merging, people got swapped around the concept of â€Å"job rotation†, and moving employees could be seen as a bad thing in this situation, because the Pharmacia had a very successful company to begin with, now with the merging it caused the company to have to work with less resources than prior to the merge. Alternatives:In assessing the case, the main problems with the merging of the company were communication. The lack of communi cation with the two companies, and the staff created a lot of problems, not only with staff but with government. If there was more communication within the companies from the beginning, it would have saved a lot of emotion, and stress due to the potential job loss and financial problems trickling to the whole community. To fix this initial problem, CEO of Pfizer Hank Mckinnell could have re-assessed the memo going out, and maybe spent more time thinking about the staff of the company, and how it would affect them when writing it.Within the newly devolved company, they could adapt high-performance-work-practices that could help the company get to where it was before the merge. Gathering the knowledge and skills and abilities that all the employees have, and trying to built them so the company can be successful. Conclusion: The Internal Subsystems could have been looked at more in depth, looking at how the company worked as a whole, instead of automatically making changes to the syste m. In order to have a successful company, you need to be able to have not only efficient, but adaptive and innovative.There could have been organizational efficiency, so when merging the two companies, it was helping the company grow and develop instead of putting it behind on its mission statements. Before the merging of the company, they should have taken a better look at the Internal Systems, and how well the company was operating internally. If this was done, they could have maybe found alternative ways for savings, and realized that the organizational efficiency of the company to begin with, was extremely strong.

People for companionship Essays

People for companionship Essays People for companionship Paper People for companionship Paper By the time we meet Stephano and Trinculo we see a new side of Caliban. In the scene when we first see them we realise that they are in fact drunkard fools. We first think that Caliban is very gullible as he starts to worship Stephano and swears to kiss thy foot. This shows his absolute devotion to people. Some might say that he is dependant on others, yet I disagree. I feel that he is capable of being independent, in spite of that he prefers to be around other people for companionship, as he gets lonely. His kindness is also shown as he says to Stephano: Ill show thee the best spring. Ill pluck thee berries.  Ill fish for thee and get thee wood enough.  A plague upon the tyrant that I serve;  Ill bear him no more sticks, but follow thee,  Thou wondrous man. (II, ii, 161-165)  This speech shows that what he did when Prospero came to the island was not a one off incident for Caliban to do. In these lines he talks about showing Stephano where the best springs are and about fetching wood. This is very kind as often even tamed human beings arent this kind. At this point the audience start to like Caliban. However during this quote we realise how intelligent Caliban actually is:  The dropsy drown this fool. What do you mean  To dote on thus luggage? Lett alone,  And do the murder first. If he awake,  From toe to crown hell fill our skin with pinches,  Make us strange stuff. (IV, i, 229-233)  This is taken from the part of the play when Caliban, Stephano and Trinculo are going to murder Prospero. This shows Calibans intelligence as in the cave he is not fooled by the rich garments and senses that they are a trick. This shows his intelligence is above Stephanos and Trinculos as they are fooled by the clothing. This makes the audience actually start to respect Caliban. We also see his intelligence when he feel that to kill Prospero they must obtain his books as with them he is a threat and without them he is not. From the lines at the top of this essay (A devil..never stick[IV, i, 189-190]) we can really understand one of the plays main themes. This is of course the nature/nurture argument. This is based on the fact that even though Prospero has supposedly tamed Caliban he feels that he has been unsuccessful. He feels this as Caliban really still relies on his natural instincts, even though he has supposedly been nurtured. Prospero feels that this is bad and that to be considered good and liked by people you must have been nurtured. You can however argue that even though Caliban relies on his natural instincts he is infact better than Antonio. This is true as Antonio is planning to kill Alonso and he has already overthrown Prospero and basically left him for dead. These deeds have all been achieved by planning and scheming, and not by natural instincts like all of Calibans deeds have been. This was an argument that was being debated at the time of the play and most people at that time thought that nurture was better than nature. I feel that Shakespeare felt the opposite way about this argument and by doing this play he was showing a new side to the argument. In the closing stages of the play Caliban realises that Stephano and Trinculo are not worthy of worship as at the end he says:  What a trice double ass  Was I to take this drunkard for a god,  And worship this dull fool. (V, i, 295-297)  After this Caliban is set free. This is lucky for him, as Prospero has mistreated him for a very long time. You also could argue that it was to avoid trouble that Caliban apologised, however this is unlikely as I feel that Caliban is a kind creature that is misunderstood. I think that Shakespeare wanted us to like him too; and for his audience at the time, he wanted them to realise their prejudice against people that looked unusual or different and change their views. Therefore Shakespeare didnt want us to have the same opinion of Caliban as Prospero.

Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Sample

Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Sample Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Example Solar Energy Systems Analysis Essay Example Currently, the question of the energy future of the world is one of the most considered and urgent problems of the humanity. It would seem that the solution to this problem is obvious: more power plants should produce more power. However, usage and maintenance of existing and built-to-be power plants need more fuel, which is derived from the natural resources of oil, gas, and coal that are not infinite. Nowadays, scientists and engineers around the world are searching for new sources of energy that could not only maintain and replace exhaustible natural resources, but also improve the ecological picture of the planet. Energy has numerous branches, depending on the main source type: nuclear, coal, gas, hydropower, and alternative, which is based on the use of renewable energy sources. Alternative energy includes wind, geothermal, biomass, tidal wave and solar energy. Comparing all these energy industries on the basis of environmental and economic criteria and indicators of safety, it is possible to conclude that solar power is the most promising. Current paper examines the problem of modern humanity that is the crisis of energy resources. In this regard, using new sources like alternative energy becomes necessary. Main attention is given to the areas of solar energy’s application as a clean and renewable source of energy. Besides, the paper describes existing inventions, their design and function. Solar Power Systems and Devices The most appropriate type of energy for the majority of autonomous objects is the energy of the sun. At the moment, solar energy is almost the only one, the reserves of which are completely inexhaustible. The amount of energy received by the Earth from the sun in one hour is equal to the total energy consumed by people in a year and at the same time this type of energy has almost no economic constraints (Tsao, Lewis. and Crabtree). It is quite natural that the development of solar energy and the attempts of its practical use, especially in the US and Western Europe, are extremely intense in the whole range of possible applications, ranging from micro electric for a few tens of watts for a variety of independent members to solar power plants for the industrial use, including applications such as spacecraft and solar powered cars. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth is greater than the energy of the worlds reserves of coal, gas, oil, and other energy resources. Usage of only 0.0125% of solar power could provide all the needs of today’s global energy (Kravchenko). Advantages of the technologies using solar energy are seen by the fact that solar installations do not provide heat added into the surface layers of the atmosphere where the greenhouse effect is not generated and there is no air pollution. However, there is a lack of solar energy. In particular, it is dependent on the state of the atmosphere, time of a day, and season. Use of solar energy mainly goes in two ways: in the form of thermal energy through the use of various thermal systems or by photochemical reactions. The most widely used technology in the world to use solar energy is hot water supply and heating. For this purpose, low-temperature energy is sufficient. Plants and solar heating systems are divided into passive and active (Fricke). In passive systems, absorption and storage of solar energy are provided directly by the elements of building constructions with little use of additional devices or without them. Throughout the history, the humanity has learnt how to use the sun’s heat during the construction of houses. In many countries, buildings are characterized by thick walls, accumulation of energy, and orientation of windows on the sunny side. Even at the current time, there are new methods developed, which improve such system. The wall facing the south is black, before a wall there is a glazed surface, and there is air between them, which is heated and then circulated in the building by convection. A water wall can be used instead of the stone one formed by water-filled containers from fiberglass. Active systems are based on the use of solar thermal collectors that convert solar energy into heat. Usually, a solar collector consists of energy absorbing plate glass and tubes disposed between the plate and the glass. Heated liquid circulates through pipes by a pump. Solar collectors can be used in a variety of low-temperature processes. For example, those can be used in the food industry for pasteurization of products, cleaning of cans, bottles, laundry in laundries, drying of agricultural produce, and so on. Reflecting solar collectors that concentrate the heat and light of the sun by chasing the sun’s movements are used for getting higher temperature or for implementing any mechanical work. Such collectors have either mirrors or lenses. Mirrors can be parabolic, spherical, or paraboloid. The concentrated sunlight falls on the central heat sink and heats the liquid, which is then pumped. This system includes the storage tank for the heated fluid. The main problem of the widespread usage of solar thermal systems is related to their economic efficiency and competitiveness as compared to traditional systems. The cost of energy generated by solar installations is higher than the cost of the energy obtained when using traditional fuels. However, the use of solar is more cost-effective for areas remote from centralized power supply (Corkish, Green, Watt and Wenham). A more efficient way of using solar energy is its direct conversion into electrical energy using solar cells. Photovoltaic cells are light-sensitive plates made of semiconductor material: selenium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon, diselenide, etc. (Corkish, Green, Watt and Wenham). Photovoltaic is produced when light particles (photons) create an electric current that is absorbed by the semiconductor. Solar panels can be of different capacities, from portable units in a few watts to power wattage, covering millions of square meters. In order not to depend on seasonal and diurnal solar cycle and atmospheric conditions, there are technical energy storage methods such as electrochemical storage batteries and mechanical accumulation (using rotating flywheels) in the form of hydrogen. It is also possible to mix cells with other energy sources such as the most likely combination with wind turbines, as well as systems with fossil fuels. Photovoltaic systems (solar panels) require minimal maintenance and they do not use water. Thus, they are well-suited for remote and desert regions. This method of converting solar energy is durable and environmentally friendly. It can also be used to improve environmental conditions at the place of use and in the future to regulate environmental conditions in large areas. Basic needs in solar cells include: lighting, functioning of electronics (radio, TV, refrigerator), and pumps for lifting water in remote rural areas. It also helps to provide energy supply to environmentally friendly public recreation areas and treatment, as well as for radio and telecommunication systems, lighthouses, buoys. Installations of solar energy are not only environmentally friendly, but also have a positive impact on other areas of life. For example, the use of solar panels in hot desert regions such as a sun umbrella provide favorable conditions for growing underneath melons and citrus fruit, for which intense sunlight is not advisable. Another example is the use of solar panels or solar collectors as building elements for facades (Chiras). Production of Solar Equipment In many countries, there is a constant increase in the production of solar collectors. Their current global installed capacity is estimated at 15 GW (Sterner). The total area of solar collectors in the world, according to incomplete data, exceeds 21 million of square meters, while annual production of solar collectors exceeds 1.7 million of square meters. At this point, leading countries are (in millions of square meters): Japan 7, USA 4, Israel 2.8, and Greece 2. Photoelectric conversion of solar energy is one of the fastest growing trends in the domain of renewable energy. Currently, the total installed capacity of solar photovoltaic systems is over 938 MW. The annual growth rate has been 30% during the last 5 years. At this point, leading countries are: Japan 80 MW, the United States 60 MW, and Germany 50 MW (Kalogirou). The extent of the use of photovoltaic solar cells are limited to the higher cost of electricity generated as compared to the energy produced by the use of traditional energy sources. The unit cost of power flat solar modules on the world market is 4 5 $/W and the cost of photovoltaic installations is 7 10 $/Wt (Wolfe). The cost of electricity generated by the modules ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 / $/kWh, which is significantly higher than the cost of electricity from conventional sources. However, worldwide there are large areas with centralized energy supply experiencing an acute shortage of energy, thus resulting in significant losses, including material and financial ones. There are regions remote from centralized power like individual settlements, villages, and operating points. The use of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, would solve social and economic problems of these regions and remote locations. Therefore, the question of economic opportunity and efficiency must be addressed taking into account socio-economic conditions, including energy deficiency, the cost of fuel, as well as geographical and climatic conditions. Main Inventions Scientists estimate that a small percentage of solar energy is sufficient to provide transport and industrial and domestic needs both now and in the future. The energy balance of the Earth and the state of the biosphere are not to be affected irrespective of whether or not the energy is used. However, one cannot overlook one major drawback. Solar radiation falling on the Earth’s surface does not have a fixed place of concentration. Thus, it is necessary to catch and turn this energy into a form that could be possibly used for human needs. In addition, there is a need in some way to stock solar energy to maintain the power supply at night and on cloudy days. At present, this problem is easily solved. The main thing is a correct usage of this resource to reduce its cost to a minimum. Moreover, taking into account day-by-day improvement of technology that becomes more expensive and, most importantly, traditional exhaustible resources, solar energy will find more fields of applica tion. Thus, below are the main of them. The task of solar collectors is accumulation of solar energy as efficiently as possible. Several well-known principles have been used in the design of the solar collector. For example, the heater is based on the property of solar rays, which freely pass through the transparent medium into the closed space and, being converted into thermal energy, are no longer able to come back through the transparent roof installation. The hydraulic system works by the principle of thermosiphon effect. That is known by the property of the liquid being heated to climb up, displacing the colder water and forcing the latter to move to a place of heat. It should also be noted that the development of solar energy has considered the effect of the accumulation and preservation of heat. Accumulated solar energy converts into heat energy that persists for a long time. There are different types of solar collectors differentiated by the external form of surfaces or by principles of absorbing surfaces and accum ulating methods. A flat solar collector is the most common type of solar collectors used for domestic water heating and heating systems. This solar collector has a glazing panel encasing the absorber plate. Absorber plate is made of metal with a good heat capacity (Kalogirou). The most frequently used metal is copper as it conducts heat better and is less susceptible to corrosion than aluminum. The plate is treated with a special highly selective absorber coating, which keeps better absorption of sunlight. This coating consists of a very strong thin amorphous semiconductor layer deposited on the metal base and has a high absorptivity in the visible region of the spectrum and low emissivity in the long wavelength infrared region. Heat loss reduces due to the glazing since frosted glazing glass with a low iron content that transmits only light is typically used in flat solar collectors. The bottom and side walls of the solar collector are coated with a heat insulating material, which further reduces he at loss. In the vacuum solar collector with direct heat transfer water, vacuum tubes are arranged at a certain angle and connected to the storage tank (Kalogirou). From it, water from a loop heat exchanger flows directly to tubes, heats up, and comes back. Advantages of this system concern a direct transfer of heat to water without other elements. Thermosiphon systems work on the principle of natural convection phenomena when warm water aspires upwards. In thermosiphon systems, the tank should be located above the collector. When water in tubes of the solar collector heats up, it becomes lighter and naturally rises to the top of the tank. Cooler water in the tank flows down into the tube; thus, it is circulated throughout the system. In smaller systems, the tank is integrated with solar collectors and is not designed for rail pressure. Therefore, thermosiphon systems need to use either water supply from upstream capacity or through reduction of pressure reducers. This type of solar collector has a minimum flow resistance. The system is required to be non-pressurized (open expansion tank) for tubes to avoid pressure. The drawback of such system is a slightly larger volume of water loop heat exchanger. There could also be a case of leaking water if the tube of solar collector is broken. However, the main advantage is low cost with all the benefits of a solar collector with vacuum tubes. The first prototype of a solar vehicle appeared in 1955 in Chicago thanks to William Cobb (Freestone). The model had a design with a length slightly larger than a foot and consisted of thirteen selenium solar cells on the roof and a small electric motor. It was the first attempt at creating silent and environmentally friendly transport. In the late 80-ies of the 20th century, the idea spread around the world. The idea is certainly unique, but also quite expensive. To make a solar power car able to compete with the motor car, one must use the most lightweight and durable construction materials, as well as a high-performance drive system, the latest achievements in the field of electronics, electrical engineering, and aerodynamics. Mobile station photoelectric is an autonomous energy source that can be used both in an open remote place and for the stationary use. However, of course, the main purpose of the station is the battery charging. The principle of operation of mobile photovoltaic plant is direct conversion of sunlight into electricity through solar cells. The station consists of modular solar panels, collapsible structures, and inter-module cable. Solar cells used in the modules are protected with light-resistant film on the front side and on the back side they have a rigid substrate. All this helps to protect them from mechanical damage and environmental influences. Solar modules are suitable for storage and transport as they are created in a convenient folding design. Concerning power characteristics of such installation, the cable can switch in parallel all the modules for charging a nominal voltage of 12 V, while series-parallel to the voltage of 24 V. In order to achieve voltage of 48 V, one must c onnect all modules with their own current leading in a daisy chain (Kalogirou). Portable solar power system is intended primarily for energy supply to DC house and special equipment with power up to 60 W and is based on solar photovoltaic modules. The structure of the portable system includes: a solar battery, a sealed rechargeable battery with charge controller-level, a warning device, a network adapter, and a lamp with a fluorescent lamp. Features of the system are the following: Accumulation of energy from different sources, including thermoelectric solar batteries and charger power; Ease of use and assembly of the technology implemented through the use of electrical connectors; Light weight and undeniable compactness that are important for the mobility of the system. Solar kitchen is household solar plants intended for cooking. The main element is a solar concentrator that focuses the sun’s rays on the surface of the radiation detector dishes in which food is prepared. Often, solar concentrators used for solar dishes have a low accuracy of the focusing solar radiation; however, it is enough for everyday usage’s convenience. Rotation after the apparent motion of the sun is carried out by hand and efficiency of the plant reaches 55-60% (Hesselbach and Herrmann). Benefits of solar kitchen are its compactness for the use in open space conditions, indispensability of the absence of gas, and, of course, budget of the installation. Lamps with solar batteries: today, there cannot be a huge surprise in case someone uses photovoltaic systems for night illumination of streets, highways, and other areas. These systems are autonomous power supply, which are based on solar module that allows making the lighting less expensive. The principle of operation of such systems is reliable and simple. During the daylight hours, the photovoltaic cell recharges batteries, turning solar energy into electricity. At night, the light automatically comes on and stays on until dawn. Intensity of solar radiation does not affect charging abilities of the battery; it can be recharged even in cloudy weather, not to mention the winter season. The structure of the photovoltaic system includes: PV module that converts sunlight into electricity; Battery that accumulates energy. Sealed and maintenance-free batteries are commonly used, the service life of which does not exceed 10 years; Controller, which optimizes the level of charge/discharge of the battery and automatically switches on the light at night and turns off the light in the daytime; An inverter, which converts direct current into alternating; Lighting unit, including the ceiling and the lamp. Of course, all electronic devices equipped with a photovoltaic system are protected against short circuit, overload, and overheating, while providing reliability and efficiency of the system. In conclusion, the main thing is that solar energy is one of the most renewable and readily available sources of energy. The fact that sunlight and heat are available for free in large quantities and do not belong to anyone makes them one of the most important alternative energy sources. Currently, the potential of solar energy is extremely high in addition to a large number of positive aspects in favor of the use of this resource in comparison with conventional energy. However, as mentioned in the beginning, there is one major drawback. Despite the fact that the amount of solar energy is enough to supply all the energy needs of the world, unfortunately these huge potentials will hardly be ever implemented on a large scale. This is impossible because of the low intensity of the solar lighting. Moreover, the use of a large number of collectors involves considerable material costs. Perhaps, the situation will change for the better in case cheaper materials for collectors are created an d applied.

The Impact of Cross Border Mergers between the Other Countries and the Dissertation

The Impact of Cross Border Mergers between the Other Countries and the UK - Dissertation Example For instance, when the Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, both the companies stopped to exist and in their place DaimlerChrysler was formed. Cross border mergers are those mergers where the involved companies are set up in different countries. They comprise of a growing percentage of all the mergers. The cross border mergers are of two kinds, viz., the inward cross border mergers and the outward cross border mergers. In the inward cross border merger, the entire or parts of domestic companies are put up for sale to overseas investors, which result in inward movement of capital. In the case of an outward cross border merger, the domestic companies purchase the entire or segments of foreign companies resulting in outward flow of capital (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Analysis and Statistics Division, 2003). Cross-border mergers are a very significant occurrence in the global economy. They encompass greater than 50% of all the foreign direct investment taking place in the world (Gugler & Et. Al., 2003). Companies engage in cross border merger activities for various motives, such as intensification of their market position, growing their business, getting hold of the other company’s complementary resources, and to improve their efficiency by global business reorganization among others. During the period from 1995-2001, the United Kingdom was the second target nation after the United States for cross border inward mergers. During the same period, the United Kingdom was leading acquiring country, with most number of outward overseas mergers (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Economic Analysis and Statistics Division, 2003). Cross Border Mergers continued to contribute for a major percentage of annual global foreign direct investment flows till 2007. The overseas mergers were the chief mode of foreign direct investment entry to other countries, and consequently the primary reason for the boom in the global foreign direct investment market during the phase from 2003 to 2007. However, during 2008, due to the impact of the global financial crisis, the number of cross border mergers as well as acquisitions plunged. The decline in the overall cross border mergers has had a considerable effect on the Foreign Direct Investment flows. This was because, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment are strongly interrelated with the worth of the overall overseas merger transactions. There was a major reduction in the cross border merger activities in both the manufacturing as well as the services sector from 2008 to 2009. There was also an apparent relative swing towards the non-financial services, such as the food, beverages sector, during the same period. An impressive rise in the investments in agriculture and other associated activities through cross bo rder mergers was recorded during 2007-2008 (Burksaitiene, 2010). The research objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of the 2008 financial crisis that led to a global economic depression on the field of cross border mergers as an important investment method in the United Kingdom. The study also explores the major expansion opportunities and also the difficulties relating to the cross border mergers in the United Kingdom. The study also discusses the cross border mergers in details, including the advantages of investing through

Structured decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Structured decision making - Essay Example Disagreements, if any, are made transparent, thus enabling the stakeholders to use new perspectives or knowledge for re-evaluation. The process also helps come up with decisions that are of higher quality, transparent, informed and respond to the values of stakeholders involved. It also evaluates and identifies alternative options for resource management through the engagement of experts, stakeholders and decision-makers in the process while addressing the uncertainty in management of resources in a transparent and proactive manner. The scholars note that the results from associated technical, social and economic analyses that should predict the performance of a particular solution make more relevance when measured in regard to what makes the most sense according to the stakeholders. This makes it easier, over time, to make responses to changes within a system of management. This tool would be best used where there is difficulty in making a decision regarding a resource management, for instance improving water quality, the main end objective being the restoration of ecosystem health. The decision makers involved would explore other objectives such as the traditionally scientific like the maintenance of environmental health and the value based like creating recreational opportunities before coming up with the ultimate decision (Wilson & Arvai, 2011). Other objectives would include restoration of vegetation and also provision of habitat for

Culture Influence of the Food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture Influence of the Food - Assignment Example The ingredients used are leftovers of a sheep after it has been slaughtered and meat extracted. Some people would have to be drunk or drugged in order to take haggis while it remains a cultural delicacy in Scotland. Different religious groups are known to use food as an expression of their faith. Fasting is believed to improve spiritual disciple among the Christians. Muslims are also known for not eating pigs. They consider pigs to be cursed and unholy. Hindus do not eat beef. They believe that the cow is holy(Kao and Elizabeth 87). The young generation has taken fasting to whole new level. Girls are known to fast so as to maintain their perfect physique. This is part of the food culture in today’s world and cannot be ignored. Chinese are known to use chopsticks to eat their food. In some countries around the world, the main meal is taken during the day. That is at noon. However, in America the main meal of the day is taken in the evening shortly before 7 P.M. The evening meal is referred to as dinner. In Spain, the evening meal (supper) is taken around 10 P.M. Some cultures prefer their food to be spicy. E.g. the Chinese. Some will enjoy their food more if it is either bitter, sour or sweet. Some cultures will also like their food to be boiled or fried. While some cultures like eat raw food. Some cultures like the French like eating in groups and holding festivals while some cultures leg Denmark people are allowed to eat alone and eating is not considered a social activity. However, in Denmark people emphasize eating healthy while in France people are more concerned with taste (Kao and Elizabeth 56). There are also some other factors that determine food culture. For instance, sportsmen and women have been known not to eat heavily.

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Buddhism Versus Greek Mythology Essay â€Å"[A human being] experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest, a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness, â€Å"said Albert Einstein. â€Å"Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty† (â€Å"Heart Quotes†). Einstein’s view on nature is similar to that of Indian Buddhists. Life-giving Indian weather inspired the Buddhist cyclic view of rebirth while the rugged terrain of Greece inspired their harsh outlook on nature. Buddhists believe man is one with nature while Greek mythology emphasizes the all-importance of man. Buddhists live in harmony with nature whereas the Greeks show violence towards it and all its creatures. However, as the Greek mindset shifted towards philosophy, so did it shift towards similar reverence towards nature. The defining distinction between these two perspectives on life is that the outlook on nature of Buddhists show values from the belief that all is in harmony with Atman, whereas the Greek outlook on nature shows that man is above nature. India is a country of lush plains, striking mountains, beautiful deserts, and dazzling bays. 2, 545 years ago, this incredible scenery served as the backdrop to Buddha’s life and eventual Enlightenment, from which Buddhist teachings would one day grow (Eckel 6). The impact of Buddha’s surroundings on Buddhist thinking is obvious, especially when one takes into consideration India’s dramatic seasonal climate changes. Every summer in India, the monsoons arrive. Every summer in India is monsoon season, a time of torrential downpours raging uninterrupted for months. Before these monsoons, the earth is dried and parched; food and water are scarce. It is, in every way, a season of death. Then, however, the rain arrives, harsh and relentless, but life giving nonetheless. The rain is the amniotic fluid catalyzing the re-entrance of life unto the barren earth. This annual cycle of death and rebirth presents the native people with a dire ultimatum: they must either obey nature or not survive. If they try to go against nature’s course, they will inevitably fail. Nature controls life. Observing this phenomenon, Buddhists learned from nature and realized that this cycle can be found everywhere. They realized that humans undergo an equivalent cycle called samsara, or reincarnation. - â€Å"He could no longer distinguish the many voices, the cheerful from the weeping, the children’s from the men’s: they all belonged together. The lament of the knower’s yearning and laughing, the screaming of the angry, the moaning of the dying- everything was one; everything was entwined and entwisted, was interwoven a thousand fold. And all of it together, all voices, all goals, all yearnings, all sufferings, all pleasures, all good and evil-the world was everything together. Everything together was the river of events, was the music of life. And when Siddhartha listened attentively to this river, listened to this song of a thousand voices, when he did not listen to sorrow or laughter, when he did not bring his soul to any one voice and did not enter them with his ego, but listened to all of them, heard the wholeness, the oneness- then the great song of the thousand voices consisted of a single word, which was ‘om’: perfection†¦belonging to the oneness† (Hesse 118-119). At the core of Buddhism lies an important lesson about maya and Enlightenment. To reach Enlightenment, one must understand all. One of the first steps towards such understanding is to understand maya, or illusion. Everything that one sees, feels, and tastes belongs to the world of maya. Even one does not exist but in the world of maya. Thus, if all does not exist, then all is equal. One is equal to everything in the surrounding world, especially nature. All are one in Atman, which is the heart of all of Buddhism. Everything is one. All of this separation from nature and from one another is simply maya, or an illusion. Consequently, in Buddhism, any injustice done to nature is an injustice to oneself. To reach Enlightenment, peace and oneness with nature are essential. Man and nature are one. Therefore, everyone and everything, especially nature, should be treated as so. â€Å"[Siddhartha said,] ‘This stone is a stone, it is also an animal, it is also God, it is also the Buddha, I love and honor it not because it would become this or that someday, but because of this because it is a stone, because it appears to me now and today as a stone, it is precisely because of this that I love it and see worth and meaning in each of its veins and pits, in the yellow, in the gray, in the hardness, in the sound it emits when I tap it,  in the dryness or dampness of its surface. [T]hat is precisely what I like and what seems wonderful to me and worthy of worship†¦I love the stone and the river and all these things that we contemplate and also a tree or a piece of bark. These are things and things can be loved† (Hesse 126-127). In harmony with the principle of reincarnation, any plant, creature, or other aspect of nature is a part of the cycle of rebirth. Therefore, any of these can one day become a man, for when something in nature dies, it undergoes the cycle of rebirth and can be reborn as anything. One day, it will become a human. Nature holds the ability within itself to be a human and, for that reason, should be considered as an equal. The true magnitude of nature’s presence in Buddhism is truly portrayed by the distinct mentioning of Siddhartha reaching enlightenment under a tree, specifically the Bodhi tree or the Asiatic fig tree (Gach 16). The scriptural account of the Enlightenment of Buddha gives this significance to nature when Buddha sits under the Bodhi tree for seven whole days. After the seven days, the Buddha gets up only to sit down again at an Ajapala banyan-tree for another length of time. He rises once again just to sit down once more at the foot of a Mucalinda tree (â€Å"Bodhi Leaf†). Nature is therefore made clear as one of the most important aspects of Buddhism. As Buddhists have such a deep reverence for nature, they believe in keeping peace with every aspect of nature. This does not just mean plants but also animals and other living creatures. However, that does not mean that all Buddhists must be vegetarians although it is strongly suggested to do so. It is said that the act of eating meat is a form of karma that will lead a person farther from Enlightenment. Therefore, the more meat one eats in one’s various lives, the more times one will have to experience the cycle of death and rebirth. On the other hand, some Buddhists believe in another view of meat eating. One is allowed to eat meat that one receives unless one knows or suspects that the meat in question was killed especially for one (Epstein). As far as sacrificial practices, meat is not sacrificed but instead herbs and incense are given up in prayer. Peace is a very important aspect of treating nature. Peace comes in many forms: peace towards environment, towards creatures, towards man, etc. A Buddhist definition of peace is â€Å"softening what is rigid in our hearts† (Chodron 17). In keeping with their attitude towards nature, Buddhists also believe that a man should not kill another man for any reason. In Buddhism, war is never the answer. In fact, the first few lines of the Dhammapada, a Buddhist scripture, state â€Å"For love is not conquered by hate: hate is conquered by love. This is a law eternal† (Chappell 81). Therefore, instead of fighting hate with hate, Buddhists believe in fighting hate with love. That is the only way to overcome and to reach Enlightenment. â€Å"’When someone seeks,’ said Siddhartha,’ then it easily happens that his eyes see only the thing that he seeks, and he is able to find nothing, to take in nothing because he always thinks only about the thing he is seeking, because he has one goal, because he is obsessed with his goal. Seeking means: having a goal. But finding means: being free, being open, having no goal. You, Venerable One, may truly be a seeker, for, in striving toward your goal, you fail to see certain things that are right under your nose. † (Hesse, 121-122) As previously stated, to reach Enlightenment, Buddhists believe all that is needed is understanding. The ultimate goal of Buddhists is to attain this understanding, this meaning, this Enlightenment. However, one must be aware that spending a life seeking is not the way to reach Enlightenment. To be a faithful Buddhist, one must understand that the key is not to seek. For, in seeking, as this quote says, the obvious is not seen. Buddhism then teaches that to reach Enlightenment, one must find not seek. Therefore, Buddhists do not seek to explain nature (Hanh 78). They are content with nature as it is- unexplained, for nature’s explanations can be found without seeking. â€Å"’Is this what you mean: that the river is everywhere at once, at its source and at its mouth, at the waterfall, at the ferry, at the rapids, in the sea ,in the mountains, everywhere at once, and only the present exists for it, and not the shadow of the future? ’ ‘That is it,’ said Siddhartha. ‘And when I learned that, I looked at my life, and it was also a river and the boy Siddhartha was separated from the adult Siddhartha and from the old man Siddhartha only by shadow, not by substance. Nor were Siddhartha’s earlier births the past, and his death and his return to [Atman] are no future. Nothing was, nothing will be; everything is, everything has being and is present† (Hesse 94). A final important aspect of Buddhism is the concept that time does not exist. Time is a man-made notion that does nothing but bring about worries. All sufferings in life can be attributed to time. Buddhists believe that once the concept of time is released, life will hold no more problems, worries, or stresses. Only then can Enlightenment be truly reached. When the concept of time is destroyed inside oneself, it allows for a completely new philosophy to surface. Greece is a country lined with hostile, jagged mountains, in which there are very few arable location surrounded by threatening seas. There is no cycle, no preconception, no structure. To the Ancient Greeks, it seemed that nature was not kind; nature was no friend to them. Therefore, their logic decided that they should be no friend to nature. Such was the physical and mental location of this people, and the beginning of many differences between Greek thought and Buddhism. Greeks living about six hundred years ere the birth of Christ were very religious, as well as very diverse spiritually. All the answers to their questions were found in different religions. Ancient Greeks passed down their religious traditions orally through myths. A myth is â€Å"a story about the gods which sets out to explain why life is as it is† (Gaarder, 22). Greek mythology was an integral part of Greek culture. The ‘miracle of Greece’ is a phrase that describes the awakening of Greek culture and its effects on the rest of the world. One way the Greeks accomplished this was through their focus on man’s importance. They put mankind at the center of their world so that man was all-important. The Greeks even created the gods in their own image, complete with very human qualities. This was the first time in history that a god was made into a recognizable, tangible form. Erstwhile, gods had no lucidity about them. â€Å"Greek artists and poets realized how splendid a man could be, straight and swift and strong. He was the fulfillment of their search for beauty. They had no wish to create some fantasy shaped in their own minds† (Hamilton, 9). Man was put on a pedestal and made the most prominent being in the world, so that he was made into a deity. Any human could be the son of a god, thereby half-divine, an idea unheard of before this time. This idea of man being the ultimate authority is in complete contradiction to Buddhism, where man was equal to nature, not above it. â€Å"And soon as the men had prayed and flung the barley, first they lifted back the heads of the victims, slit their throats, skinned them and carved away the meat from the thighbones and wrapped them in fat, a double fold sliced clean and topped with strips of flesh. And the old man burned these over dried split wood and over the quarters poured out glistening wine while young men at his side held five-pronged forks. Once they had burned the bones and tasted the organs they cut the rest into pieces, pierced them with spits, roasted them to a turn and pulled them off the fire† (Homer 93) Myths were also used for other purposes than learning. â€Å"But a myth was not only an explanation. People also carried out religious ceremonies related to the myths† (Gaarder, 25). Like most other religions at the time, the Ancient Greeks’ religions consisted of brutal rituals and rites that contrasted greatly to the thoughts of Buddhism (Connolly 87). Buddhism teaches of kindness to animals whereas Greek religion utilized animal cruelty as part of their holy worship to the gods. The gods of Olympus, who were created in the ultimate image of the Greek people, used the forms of innocent animals to manipulate and get what they wanted. In many instances, Zeus used the guise of animals when he wanted to capture a woman and gain her trust. â€Å"[T]hat very instant [Zeus] fell madly in love with Europa [ H]e thought it well to be cautious, and before appearing to Europa he changed himself into a bull† (Hamilton 101). However, rather than setting an example to revere animals, this teaches people to use animals in any way possible to reach the desired end. Even more opposed to Buddhism was the fact that a Greek hero was someone who had extreme strength or other physical features that he could use against animals. Hercules is one of the best examples of this notion. He is considered the greatest Greek hero ever to live. Through a tragic sequence of events, he killed his sons and wife, but was doomed to live on in order to undergo a series of trials to redeem himself. His first predicament was to â€Å"kill the lion of Nemea. Hercules solved [that] by choking the life out of [the lion]† (Hamilton 231). Hercules also had to drive out the â€Å"Stymphalian birds, which were a plague to the people of Stymphalus because of their enormous numbers† (Hamilton 232). This shows that, unlike Buddhists, Greeks could not live in peace with nature, but instead hated nature. Ancient Greeks did not want anything to do with nature, let alone be a part of it. Hercules also had to capture many animals in these trials such as the â€Å"stag with horns of gold†, â€Å"a great boar which had its lair on Mount Erymanthus†, â€Å"the savage bull that Poseidon had given Minos†, â€Å"the man-eating mares of King Diomedes of Thrace†, the cattle of Geryon†, and â€Å"Cerberus the three-headed dog† (Hamilton 232-233). Hercules inspired the Greeks not by staying in peace with nature but instead by forcing it to conform to his will in a harsh, cruel way. Hercules made sure he was above nature, a predicament the Buddhists avoided and even condemned. In summary, Greeks wanted to overcome nature whereas Buddhists wanted to be one with nature. â€Å"So by the beaked ships the Argives formed for battle, arming round you, Achilles –Achilles starved for war-and faced the Trojan ranks along the plain’s high ground[†¦T]he Achaeans kept on gaining glory- great Achilles who held back from the brutal fighting so long had just come blazing forth. Chilling tremors shook the Trojans’ knees, down to the last man, terrified at the sight: the headlong runner coming, gleaming in all his gear, afire like man-destroying Ares† (Homer 503, 505). As previously stated, Buddhists lived by the doctrine to fight hate with love. If Ancient Greeks had a concise doctrine about war, it would have been to fight hate with more hate. Ancient Greek civilization centralized around their love of carnage. The majority of Ancient Greek myths revolved around war or other forms of fighting. The Iliad is a 537-page myth about one war and it glorifies all aspects of war. The heroes of The Iliad are not monks or The Buddha like in Buddhism. Instead, the heroes of The Iliad are Achilles and Hector, two soldiers magnificent in warfare and bloodthirsty through and through. In addition, Achilles is most illustrious in The Iliad when he is the most sanguinary. â€Å"[Diomedes] went whirling into the slaughter now, hacking left and right and hideous groans broke from the drying Thracians slashed by the sword-the ground ran red with blood. [†¦]Tydeus’ son went tearing into that Thracian camp until he’d butchered twelve. [†¦]But now the son of Tydeus came upon the king, the thirteenth man, and ripped away his life. [†¦]Patroclus tore [Pronous’s] chest left bare by the shield-rim, loosed his knees and the man went crashing down. [†¦ Then Patroclus] stabbed [Thestor’s] right jawbone, ramming the spearhead square between his teeth so hard he hooked him by that spearhead over the chariot-rail, hoisted, dragged the Trojan out. [†¦Patroclus then] gaffed him off his car [†¦] and flipped him down face first, dead as he fell. Next [†¦] he flung a rock and it struck between [Erylaus’s] eyes and the man’s whole skull split in his heavy helmet. [Patroclus] crowded corpse on corpse on the earth. † (Homer, 292, 426-427) Even more horrific to the eyes of Buddhists would be the battle scenes in The Iliad that truly show the awe and glory the ancient Greeks saw in war. The Iliad was a myth that served more as entertainment than anything else. This shows that Ancient Greeks were amused by this kind of literature. Buddhists believe in not seeking to explain nature. By contrast, Ancient Greeks did precisely this with their myths. â€Å"[A myth] is an explanation of something in nature; how, for instance, any and everything in the universe came into existence: men, animals, this of that tree or flower, the sun, the moon, the stars, storms, eruptions, earthquakes, all that is and all that happens† (Hamilton 12). Ancient Greeks wanted to know how everything happened around them so they could manipulate their environment more easily. This is a central division between Ancient Greeks and Buddhism. Whereas Buddhists believe that time does not exist, Ancient Greeks were engrossed by time. All throughout The Iliad, Homer stresses how long the war has been going on and how it worries and distresses everyone involved. Unlike Buddhists, the Greeks do not disown the belief of time. They stay true to the traditional man-made vision of time instead of throwing out their problems by abandoning the idea of time. â€Å"[The natural philosopher] Heraclitus (c. 540-480 B. C. )[†¦] was from Ephesus in Asia Minor. He thought that constant change, or glow, was in fact the most basic characteristic of nature. [†¦ ]‘Everything flows,’ said Heraclitus. Everything is in constant flux and movement, nothing is abiding. Therefore we ‘cannot step twice into the same river. When I step into the river for the second time, neither I nor the river are the same’† (Gaarder 34). Slowly, Greek culture started to move away from religion and more towards philosophy. It evolved from a â€Å"mythological mode of thought to one based on experience and reason† (Gaarder 27). People could make ideas for themselves and create new beliefs instead of going back to the myths. The world started a shift from relying on religion to analyzing the world with science and philosophy. Surprisingly, this is where similarities between Greek and Buddhist culture were born. At first, the two religions of the ancient Greeks and the Buddhists clashed greatly. However, through the move away from mythical religion the Greek beliefs were brought closer towards the religion of Buddhism. Heraclitus here used the same metaphor for his philosophy as Siddhartha used for his. Although the passages were said in different situations and with different words, both quotes have the same general philosophy that time does not truly exist. A river is usually a sign of separation; a river acts as a divider in most cases. However, this river brings two very different cultures together in a very powerful way that is clear to all. Nature is everything outside and inside a man or a woman or a child. Nature is every breath taken, every step forward, every glance made, every wind blown, and every flower planted. The two cultures of Greece and Buddhism showed great contrasts in the beginning but one resounding similarity was found in something as simple as a river. India shows a cyclic weather that inspired the thought of rebirth while Greece shows a harsh terrain that inspired animosity between man and nature. As a consequence, Buddhists thought that nature and man are one while Greeks were taught to be above nature and manipulate it in any way possible. Buddhists lived in ultimate peace while the ancient Greeks lived in love of carnage. The Buddhist outlook on nature is derived from the belief that man is one with nature whereas the original Greek outlook is derived from the thought that man is above nature. Nature is the essence of the world, the aura of everything around people. These two cultures, although vastly different, impacted human belief and intellect forever.